Grow more herbivorous species and use more genetically improved stocks.

I agree 100%.

Check out my previous post here.

Aquaculture
Volume 353, Number 11 (June 2012)
The importance of selective breeding in aquaculture to meet future demands for animal protein: A review
Authors: Trygve Gjedrem, Nick Robinson, Morten Rye
Author Affiliations:
no affiliations available
Source: Aquaculture, Volume 353, Number 11 (June 2012)
Page Numbers: 117 – 129
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Abstract: Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production industry, and the vast majority of aquaculture products are derived from Asia. The quantity of aquaculture products directly consumed is now greater than that resulting from conventional fisheries. The nutritional value of aquatic products compares favourably with meat from farm animals because they are rich in micronutrients and contain high levels of healthy omega-3 fatty acids. Compared with farm animals, fish are more efficient converters of energy and protein. If the aquaculture sector continues to expand at its current rate, production will reach 132million tonnes of fish and shellfish and 43million tonnes of seaweed in 2020. Future potential for marine aquaculture production can be estimated based on the length of coastline, and for freshwater aquaculture from available land area in different countries. The average marine production in 2005 was 103tonnes per km coastline, varying from 0 to 1721 (China). Freshwater aquaculture production in 2005 averaged 0.17tonnes/ha, varying from 0 to close to 6tonnes per ha (Bangladesh), also indicating potential to dramatically increase freshwater aquaculture output. Simple estimations indicate potential for a 20-fold increase in world aquaculture production. Limits imposed by the availability of feed resources would be lessened by growing more herbivorous species and by using more of genetically improved stocks.
Citation: Trygve Gjedrem, Nick Robinson, Morten Rye . The importance of selective breeding in aquaculture to meet future demands for animal protein: A review. Aquaculture, Volume 353, Number 11 (June 2012), pp. 117-129, <http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=426F83A5B4249A630D9E&gt;
URL: http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=426F83A5B4249A630D9E

Did you know there is a World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association? Why join?

I’ve just come out of the Communications Committee of the WAVMA. We are eager to promote the numerous member benefits that give you value for money. Some think that it’s USA-centric, but the value you get occurs right where you are. For me, it’s all the way here, Down Under (Australia)!

So here’s my personal testimonial:

“I’m a member of a large number of different organisations and of these, there are only two organisations that I get value for money. One is the Australian Society for Veterinary Pathologists and the other is the World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association. Both of these organisations provide for very specialised areas of veterinary medicine where every other organisation isn’t able to cater for. And what’s more is that these two organisations have the lowest fees. I really value the fact that I am able to tap into world experts for second opinions on clinical and pathological cases I get. And it’s not just fish, but also turtles, reptiles and more! You can get connected to other aquatic veterinarians all over the world. You can be a part of a WORLD organisation that is advancing the field of aquatic veterinary medicine. YOU can really make a difference! The Aquatic Veterinary Newsletters are an invaluable source of information. I also get access to discounted books (did you know that several WAVMA members have published text books [including me ;P]?). And today I learned that we can get 20% discount off Palisade software!”

So what are you waiting for?

JOIN WAVMA now by clicking on this link.

Optimal stocking density of Atlantic cod.

I’ve been asked about what the optimal stocking density for fish are. I tell them it depends.

If they’re schooling fish (e.g. sardines), then they’d be less stressed if held in higher stocking densities. However, if they are territorial fishes (e.g. male Siamese fighting fish) then the answer would be quite the opposite.

In terms of fish farming, even though the question asked may be due to pure economics, overstocking –>; stressed fish –>; unhealthy fish –>; disease –>; fish losses –>; profit losses.

So n terms of satisfying the biological-type definition of fish welfare, this work done on the cod is good.

Aquaculture
Volume 357, Number 3 (August 2012)
Optimal stocking density of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhuaL.) reared in a land-based farm
Authors: Björn Björnsson, Agnar Steinarsson, Matthías Oddgeirsson, Sólveig R. Ólafsdóttir
Author Affiliations:
no affiliations available
Source: Aquaculture, Volume 357, Number 3 (August 2012)
Page Numbers: 342 – 350
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Abstract: The effects of stocking density on the productivity in a juvenile cod farm were studied in a flow-through system for fish weighing initially 44g. The fish densities increased throughout the experiment from 4 to 21, 11 to 54 and 22 to 95kg/m3. Growth rates were negatively affected at densities above 50kg/m3and at the end of the experiment the mean weights were 242, 221 and 205g at low, medium and high densities, respectively. The average cumulative mortalities increased with density and were 1.8, 4.2 and 7.3% of initial number of fish at low, medium and high densities, respectively. Antibiotics were administered twice at high, once at medium and never at low density. The average feed conversion ratios were 0.81, 0.91 and 1.02 at low, medium and high densities, respectively. The average biomass increase was 16.8, 42.7 and 72.8kg/m3at low, medium and high densities. A simple economic analysis indicates a parabolic relationship between profit and density with optimal density at the peak of the curve. Given reasonable assumptions about production costs in a land-based farm, the break-even density is 35kg/m3and the optimal final density is 95kg/m3. Changes in fixed costs, such as financial costs and salaries, have no effects on the optimal final density whereas changes in variable costs, such as feed and juvenile costs, directly affect the optimal final density.
Citation: Björn Björnsson, Agnar Steinarsson, Matthías Oddgeirsson, Sólveig R. Ólafsdóttir . Optimal stocking density of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhuaL.) reared in a land-based farm. Aquaculture, Volume 357, Number 3 (August 2012), pp. 342-350, ;
URL: http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=4C0A9BEB69DA67B80FF0

http://www.thefishvet.com.au

Fish Vetting Essentials book reviewed by Prof. Anna Mercy.

Fish Vetting Essentials

This is a comprehensive guide which provides information not only on Fish diseases and medicines but also on the basic anatomy of fishes, categories of fishes, water quality parameters, diet and nutrition. Being a person who is working in the field of ornamental fishes for the last 20 years, I wish to comment that anybody who does not even have basic background of fish biology can use this book as a ready reference. Chapter on aquarium set up and water quality parameters provides very useful tips to aquarium hobbyists. Water sampling procedure and fish disease investigation are topics of great interest and use to fish farmers. Worthy of note is the photographs with which diseases can be identified. It contains a wealth of topics which has quick and easy accessibility.

Fish vetting medicines provide a wealth of information on medications that may be available for use by fish health professionals in the treatment of fish diseases. Both these books will be an asset to any fish keeper’s bookshelf/vet clinic.

Dr. T.V.Anna Mercy

Professor

Faculty of Fisheries

Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean studies

Panangad, P.O., Kerala, India

91 484 2306001

91 484 2700598

91 9447667069

This book can be purchased from http://www.thefishvet.com.au

Imminent closure of the Aquatic Lab in Townsville. What are the ramifications?

Dear colleagues,

The QLD State Government has decided to close the Biosecurity Queensland, Tropical & Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory.

This has obvious effects on the 16 of us (& our families) left unemployed.

 

This decision also has serious & significant ramifications on the detection of reporting of both Aquatic and Terrestrial Animal Diseases for north Qld, since this will result in far reduced disease surveillance north Qld at both a State AND National level.

This decision will have most affect on passive disease surveillance of aquatic animal diseases & the National Arbovirus Monitoring Project (NAMP) and the detection of exotic terrestrial animal diseases such as Murray Valley encephalitis, Foot & Mouth Disease etc..

All aquaculture farmers (fish, prawns & crayfish farmers) must now send samples for disease testing to Biosciences Laboratory at Coopers Plains, Brisbane.

No suitably qualified field Veterinarian will be available to detect, treat, control & eradicate of diseases on prawn & barramundi & crayfish farms in northern Qld.

Having spent the last 15 years of my career dedicated to aquatic animal health and providing a service to the aquaculture farmers of north Qld, this pains me greatly.

 

Urgent action is required before State Parliament re-sits next week, for this decision can be reversed with support from State & Federal organisations, Veterinarians and Industry support.

The decision was a cost-saving strategy by the current Govt, with no fore-thought on the far-reaching ramifications for our aquaculture industries, wild fisheries, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park & beef cattle & horse industries of north Qld.

I implore your ability to write a letter of support for the continued existence of TAAHL to the Honourable John Mc Veigh, Minsiter for Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry,

in the best interests of our terrestrial & aquatic animal industries of north Qld , & the State of QLD, not to mention in the interests of National Biosecurity. Please add more, as I have no doubt left some things out in the current situation.

 

FACTS: The reality – aquaculture farms will simply not bother to submit samples for disease testing, due to increased freight costs feasibility of getting live fish and live prawns samples to BSL in Brisbane for testing. They are already dealing with the carbon tax.

Air-freight of an esky of live fish starts from around $200. Furthermore bus freight will take over 16 hours, a 1600km roadtrip from townsville, an 1800 km roadtrip from Cairns, over 2400km from Weipa  – the result being degraded samples not viable for many tests to rule out infectious disease.

TAAHL also runs several tests on aquatic animals that are not currently available at BSL in Brisbane.

TAAHL has provided services to numerous clients, whom with solid linkages have developed over the last 15 years & from whichdisease detection, treatment, control, eradication & surveillance has been drawn from;

· Barramundi farms

· Prawn farms

· Crayfish farms

· Hobbyist fish breeders ( variety of ornamental fish, most imported)

· Reef HQ Aquarium (marine fish, shark & ray species)

Cairns marine Aquarium (sharks, rays, fish )

· Seaworld (sharks, rays, fish)

· James Cook University (student projects on fish, prawns)

· Australian Instititute of Marine Science (research projects on prawns, fish)

· GBRMPA & DERM (necropsy of sick dolphins, dugongs, sharks, wild fish kills)

· wild fisheries – eg. Qld Grouper  mortalities (Streptococcus agalactiae detected at TAAHL)

· Private Veterinarians (sick fish)

The general public & recreational fishers

 

North Qld & central Qld has the largest % of fish and prawn farms in the State.

The diseases which could have significant impact on Aquaculture industry in the north (& south) include:

o        White spot disease – an (exotic) disease of prawns – potential to cause significant damage/widespread mortalities on prawn farms State-wide.

o        Grouper disease– Streptococcus agalactiae – over 93 dead adult Qld grouper (a protected wild species)  S. agalactaiehas the potential to cause widespread mortalities on fish farms throughout the state (major epizootics occur on tilapia, bream & other species farmed in,   Asia, Brazil, Israel, Honduras)

o        Barramundi Nodavirus – etc..etc..

 

Many Notifiable diseases will go undetected & under-reported in north Qld

o        Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome

O        Barramundi Nodavirus – to name but a few

The reduction in numbers of Veterinarians & staff capable of pulling together in an event of a major disease outbreakon a prawn farm such WSSV, or for an outbreak of Foot & Mouth Disease in cattle is obvious.

Whilst some operational staff have been left in place in the far north, there will be no Veterinary Laboratory facility or staff with specialist skills, where samples can be taken, or where those oing to AAHL at Geelong can be packed according to current transport regulations (dangerous goods packaging) for infectious diseases such as Hendra, Lyssavirus etc…

Urgent action is required before State Parliament re-sits next week, for this decision can be reversed with support from State & Federal organisations, Veterinarians and Industry.

The decision was a cost-saving strategy by the current Govt, with no fore-thought on the far-reaching ramifications for our aquaculture industries, wild fisheries, the Great Barrier Reef Marine park & beef cattle & horse industries of north Qld.

I implore your ability to write a letter of support for the continued existence of TAAHL to the Honourable John Mc Veigh, Minsiter for Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry, in the best interests of our terrestrial & aquatic animal industries of north Qld , & State of QLD, not to emntion in the ninterests of National Biosecurity. Please add more, as I have no doubt left some things out in the current situation.

Sincerely,

Rachel Bowater

 

 

Rachel Bowater

BVSc, MACVSc (Aquatic Animal Health) BSc(hons)

 

Senior Veterinary Officer (Fish Disease)

Tropical and Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory

Biosecurity Queensland (North)

Department of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry (DAFF)

180-303 River Boulevard, Oonoonba Qld 4811

PO Box 1085, Townsville, Qld 4810

Exotic carp killer virus planned to be released in as little as 5 years!

On Wednesday the 25th of July I attended a webinar about the research that has been conducted with the killer koi virus. It was provided courtesy of the Australian Biosecurity Intelligence Net-work (ABIN). Veterinary virologist Dr Ken McColl provided some background, and recent progress, on an Invasive Animals CRC-funded project entitled “Koi Herpesvirus – a potential biological control agent for carp in Australia”.

Despite many failed attempts at utilising biological warfare to control vertebrate “pests”, Australia seems to want to do it again. It was said that the exotic killer herpesvirus could be released into the wild in Australia in as little as 5 years if some scientists and fisherfolk lobbyists could have their own way.

Carp are thought to be the reason for the rarity of native Australian fish because in some water bodies, as they can account for up to 90% of the biomass. But are they the pest that everyone makes them out to be? Are we blindly accepting this assumption that they have out competed the native fishes of their habitat and are destroying the environment? Is that finding a cause or effect? Are carp merely scapegoats to cover the fact that natural environmental changes (decreased rainfall) and human-related activities (diverting water for irrigating farms, damming, livestock damaging river banks, recreational activities, fertiliser, herbicide, pesticide and other chemical run-offs) may have caused significant changes to the aquatic environment that only the carp can survive and flourish under such conditions?

Any fish keeper can tell you that carp have soft lips and they are not territorial or aggressive. How then can they outcompete native Australian carnivorous fishes like the silver perch and Murray cod? These native fish are among the top predators and they are highly territorial and aggressive. What’s more is that they can eat carp for a meal. And how are carp more harmful to the environment than the non-native trout and salmon (again, top predators) that are regularly stocked in pristine rivers for the purposes of fishing? The fecundity of the carp would create a ready supply of food for the native fishes.

What could it mean for the fish in terms if animal welfare? What could it mean for non-target fish such as your beloved kois in your backyard? Will the government allow us to import the vaccine to protect our prized fish from certain death?

Could Australia find a use for this fish? Live export to improve genetic stocks in their native Europe? Sustainable food fish aquaculture for local consumption or export? Fertiliser? Coarse fishing?

Australia could remain the only place in the world with a carp population that is free from so many of the killer diseases. In terms of food security, should we be protecting the humble carp rather than release the killer virus amongst them?

Before releasing this KHV, I propose several ways of studying this phenomenon of high carp populations in certain water bodies to ascertain what is actually happening:

1. Conduct a full water quality analysis and compare this with historic data and with the respective fishes’ optimal ranges.

2. Different fish species can be grown in tanks utilising the waters from the water bodies to see if it had any impact on the health of the different fish species, measuring growth rate, reproductive ability, disease resistance, etc.

3. Several different fish species could be introduced into the different waterways and tracked to see how they fare.

Australia and its aquatic fauna should not become an experiment.

http://www.thefishvet.com.au

Is white spot syndrome virus unstoppable in shrimp culture?

Apparently this disease can cripple a nation’s economy that is highly dependent on shrimp farming in as little as a week if the disease is allowed to spread. WSSV has low host specificity and can infect a large number of crustaceans. This paper illustrates several ecological ways of preventing WSSV outbreak.

Aquaculture
Volume 353, Number 11 (June 2012)
Effect of three innovative culture systems on water quality and whitespot syndrome virus (WSSV) viral load in WSSV-fed Penaeus monodoncultured in indoor tanks
Authors: Eleonor A. Tendencia, Roel H. Bosma, Lynbelle Rose Sorio
Author Affiliations:
no affiliations available
Source: Aquaculture, Volume 353, Number 11 (June 2012)
Page Numbers: 169 – 174
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Abstract: White spot syndrome virus is the most important among the shrimp diseases. It has been devastating the shrimp industry for more than 3 decades. Previous studies reported that greater percentage of yellow colonies on thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose agar (yellow vibrios) in the rearing water, abundant supply of natural food such as Chlorella, and the use of the greenwater technology (GW) are some ecological ways of preventing WSSV outbreak. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the 3 systems against WSSV.
Citation: Eleonor A. Tendencia, Roel H. Bosma, Lynbelle Rose Sorio . Effect of three innovative culture systems on water quality and whitespot syndrome virus (WSSV) viral load in WSSV-fed Penaeus monodoncultured in indoor tanks. Aquaculture, Volume 353, Number 11 (June 2012), pp. 169-174, <http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=46FF946AFA99476D73BD&gt;
URL: http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=46FF946AFA99476D73BD

Sentinels in quarantine.

Many involved with fish health know well that quarantine is the best policy where “An Ounce of Biosecurity…Worth More Than a Pound of Cure” (phrase borrowed from an up coming conference talk title – http://www.vet.purdue.edu/2012fallconference).

But have you thought about doing something different? One of my colleagues came up with a radically new, brilliant idea that would change the way we do things and save a lot of fish lives!

At the moment, ornamental fish imported into Australia are held in quarantine for 1, 2 or 3 weeks depending on the requirements. Fish in quarantine are not allowed to be treated with any medications so that no signs of disease will be masked.
If significant deaths do occur, the entire population in the affected tanks would have to be destroyed and/or a sample of the fish will need to be tested at the government laboratories. Moreover, the current method cannot detect asymptomatic carriers of diseases.

Because the ornamental fish sector has been highlighted as a threat to Australian biosecurity, there have been moves to tighten the quarantine rules. It has been proposed that 60 or 120 individuals per species batch will have to be sacrificed for destructive testing by local authorities.

This will mean that it will significantly increase the price for fishes and more importantly, unnecessary loss of the lives of thousands of fish. So, what is this radical new method that was suggested by my colleague?

We are aware that environmentalists study sentinel species to give an indication of the health of the environment. Miners in the past used canaries in coal-mines to provide an early indication of pending danger from gas accumulation.

My colleague proposed that we apply this same methodology of using biological indicators to demonstrate disease freedom of imported fish. Here, the quarantine setup will be designed such that water from the quarantine tanks are hooked up to tanks that house several fish species that are susceptible to the diseases we want to keep out (i.e. cohabiting with sentinels). If disease is present, the sentinel fishes would show signs of illness and they can be tested. If there is no disease, then the sentinel fishes will remain in good health and there is no needless destruction of fish. Some of the fish/disease pairings can include Murray cod for gourami iridovirus; fork tailed catfish or barramundi for Edwarsiella ictaluri.

But according to my colleague who proposed the idea, he says that it’s not a novel idea but is standard practice around the world in specific terresterial animal disease monitoring.

There have been several occasions where this method of quarantine would have proven useful for my clients where recently imported fish were carrying a particular strain of pathogen that their resident fish had no immunity to. The imported fish showed no signs of disease during quarantine in a separate pond, but when introduced to the main pond, the resident fish started dying in numbers.

The other brilliant aspect of this proposal is that I believe it will have a much higher rate of acceptance and hence adoption by the industry. Other things I’d add to make this work includes microchipping of the sentinel fishes and faster turnaround time for reporting laboratory results.

Worth a try in ornamental fish? Your thoughts?

http://www.thefishvet.com.au

Fish joke for Monday-itis

Having dinner at a very fancy restaurant, the waiter asked the gentleman that was eating the fish,”How did you find the salmon?”

The puzzled guest looked at the plate and then again at the waiter and replied,”I moved the garnish aside and
voilà I found the fish!”