Why is Kermit the Frog green? Is it really hard to be green?

Following on from my very popular post on my Facebook “Fin Page” about the frog skin, I’d like to share another interesting thing about frog skins with you.

Many frogs depend upon their skin colour for defence against predators. There are 3 types of pigment cells, called chromatophores, work together to make a frog green. The chromatophores stack on top of each other.

Melanophores make up the bottom layer. They contain melanin, a pigment that appears dark brown black. Melanin also tints human skin.

On top of these cells sit iridophores. Although iridophores don’t actually produce pigmentation, they reflect light off of the surface of purine crystals inside the cells. When light hits these cells, they produce a silvery iridescent reflection in frogs, as well as other amphibians, fish and invertebrates. In most green frogs, sunlight penetrates through the skin to the little mirrors in the iridophores. The light that reflects back is blue.

The blue light travels up to the top layer of cells called xanthophores, which often contain yellowish pigments. The light that filters through the top cells appears green to the human eye. Frogs without xanthophores look bright blue!

The layers of pigment cells can alter the colour of a frog’s skin from bright green to dark brown. This talent helps a frog blend in with its environment. The cells are contortionists. Hormones in the frog can change the cells’ shape, move around the pigment inside the cells, and alter the intensity of light coming from them. As a frog leaps from a bright green leaf to a muddy brown pond, the cells in its skin adjust the frog’s hue to match and keep the frog hidden.

How cool is that?

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Ins-and-Outs of Extra-Label Drug Use in Animals: A Resource for Veterinarians.

I thought this article would come in handy for myself and my colleagues. It’ll also be of interest to clients.

——— Forwarded message ———- From: Dr. David Scarfe <DScarfe@avma.org> Date: Fri, Jan 3, 2014 at 11:14 PM Subject: AquaVetMed e-News: FDA/CVM Extralabel Drug & Other Drug Use Information Resources To:

January 3, 2014

New FDA’s “Ins-and-Outs of Extra-Label Drug Use in Animals: A Resource for Veterinarians”

As a practicing veterinarian, you’ve likely prescribed a drug for an extra-label use. What does that mean? What gives you the legal ability to do so? What conditions must be met?

By explaining FDA’s requirements for extra-label drug use in animals, this article answers these questions and more. In 1994, Congress added provisions to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) that give veterinarians the legal ability to use approved human and animal drugs in an extra-label manner. This means you can use an approved drug in a way that isn’t listed on the drug’s labeling. Extra-label drug use is sometimes called off-label because the use is “off the label.”

To prescribe drugs in an extra-label manner, you need to follow FDA’s extra-label drug use requirements, as stated in the FD&C Act and FDA regulations. You should also educate your clients, particularly food animal producers, on these requirements and on FDA’s recommendations for the judicious use of antimicrobial drugs.

This new web-based resource (http://tinyurl.com/lkogsv8) provides additional information and links to important documentation on:

•      Extra-Label Drug Use in Animals

•      Valid Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR)

•      General Conditions for Extra-Label Drug Use

•      Conditions for Extra-Label Drug Use in Food-Producing Animals

•      Drugs Prohibited from Extra-Label Uses in Animals

•      Judicious Use of Medically Important Antimicrobial Drugs and Extra-Label Drug Use in Food-Producing Animals

Additional useful FDA information on drugs used in aquatic animals

•      Aquaculture and Aquaculture Drugs Basics (http://tinyurl.com/lujco64)

•      A Quick Reference Guide to Approved Drugs for Use in Aquaculture (http://tinyurl.com/n4nqtnk)

•      FDA/CVM Updates, Press Releases, Guidance Documents, and Policy & Procedures Manuals (http://tinyurl.com/n355nh8)

For more information, please call FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine at +1 (240) 276-9300, or send an email toAskCVM@fda.hhs.gov.

___________________________

AquaVetMed e-News provides information to veterinary and veterinary-allied subscribers concerning aquatic animal medicine, health, welfare, public health and seafood safety, obtained from a variety of sources (largely AquaVetMed subscribers). While provided by the American Veterinary Medical Association’s, Aquatic Veterinary Medicine Committee and are for public distribution, they do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the AVMA or the veterinary profession. See the AVMA Terms of Use (http://tinyurl.com/29h2rf)for further information.

If e-News information is used elsewhere please acknowledge AquaVetMed as the source.  Encourage individuals to subscribe rather than distribute through list serves.

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Subscription and Contributions: Interested veterinarians and veterinary-allied professionals can subscribe, unsubscribe, or contribute pertinent news or information, by sending a message with “For AquaVetMed -” and the topic in the subject line, todscarfe@avma.org.

Note: Undelivered e-mails will not be resent; Subscribers will be deleted from the list after repeated undelivered or bounced messages and will have to re-subscribe.

Visit our website:www.avma.org

________________________________

Apologies, my blog seemed to have sent a SPAM!

I only offer for sale, tools related to aquatic veterinary medicine; not Facebook Fans.

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Yours sincerely,

Dr Richmond Loh DipProjMgt, BSc, BVMS, MPhil (Pathology) Murdoch, MANZCVS (Aquatics & Pathobiology), CertAqV.
Aquatic Veterinarian | Adjunct Lecturer Murdoch University | President WAVMA |
Secretary Aquatic Animal Health Chapter – ANZCVS.
The Fish Vet, Perth, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA. Mobile Veterinary Medical & Diagnostic Services for fish and other aquatic creatures.
http://www.thefishvet.com.au
Ph: +61 (0)421 822 383
Skype: thefishvet

Looking for more books? Check out this site.

The Fish Vet - Perth, WAwavma.jpg?w=780

Who can supply antibiotics, like metronidazole (trade name “Flagyl”), to fish owners?

I often receive requests to prescribe or dispense drugs by potential clients. I explain to them that as a veterinarian, I’m bound by regulation. Legally, Schedule 4 drugs (most antibiotics, including metronidazole) can be dispensed or prescribed by a veterinarian, only after they have seen the patient or inspected the establishment.
Some do not understand and often say that they know of aquarium stores that dispense such medicines. While that is common practice in the aquarium trade, it is not legal.
Below are reasons why veterinarians need to be involved when treating fish diseases, using drugs:
  1. Prevent antibiotic-resistance of medically important antimicrobials.
  2. Ensure safety to fish in care.
  3. Ensure efficacy.
Some of these antimicrobials are important drugs that are used to treat human infection. The indiscrimate use of such drugs contributes to increasing the ability of bacteria and other microbes to resist the effects of a drug. Once antimicrobial resistance occurs, a drug may no longer be as effective in treating various illnesses or infections, in humans and in animals. Thus it is important to use these drugs only when medically necessary.
Another major reason why a veterinarian needs to be involved when dealing with drugs is that we need to ensure its safety. Almost all the drugs I use for fish in my practice are being used “off-label” (see tomorrow’s article on “off-label” drugs). It basically means that we’re using an approved drug in a way that isn’t listed on the drug’s labeling. Additionally, having the same active ingredient does not mean that it is safe for use in fish. For example, metronidazole comes in tablets and in oral liquid form. The liquid formulation designed for birds are not safe to add to fish tanks.
In terms of efficacy, we really need to know what we’re dealing with in order to prescribe or dispense treatment. It’s no use prescribing praziquantel if you’re dealing with a bacterial infection. It’s no use giving out oxytetracyline or doxycycline if you’re dealing with fish lice. Trying to treat fish diseases on a trial and error basis will waste valuable time and money, and many fish will suffer and die as a result. You need a correct diagnosis (see article on getting a diagnosis).
It is understandable that it is not always practical that veterinarians need to examine the fish prior to medication due to several reasons; mainly unavailability, expense and the short period between presenting with clinical signs and death – i.e. almost all fish diseases tend to be emergencies. But if you remember, if you’re on the vet’s books as a genuine client, and so long as the veterinarian is satisfied that their client knows how and when to use the medicines, all these practical issues can be managed. This is how it is done with clients in rural or remote areas.

To conclude, medically important antimicrobial drugs require veterinary oversight to be used for production purposes, and their use to treat, control, or prevent disease in fishes. To comply with the Veterinary Surgeons’ Board, a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship (VCPR) needs to be maintained at least on an annual basis.

Did you know that you can access The Fish Vet’s services even if you’re not in Western Australia? With a solid background in veterinary pathology, histopathology services are also available. See article on fish autopsy.

You can contact me on the finer details of this service via email or the contact form on my website.

Follow me on: Facebook “Fin Page”YouTube  – BlogLinkedinTwitter

Yours sincerely,

Dr Richmond Loh

DipProjMgt, BSc, BVMS, MPhil (Pathology) Murdoch, MANZCVS (Aquatics & Pathobiology), CertAqV. Aquatic Veterinarian | Adjunct Lecturer Murdoch University | President WAVMA | Secretary Aquatic Animal Health Chapter – ANZCVS. The Fish Vet, Perth, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA.

Mobile Veterinary Medical & Diagnostic Services for fish and other aquatic creatures. http://www.thefishvet.com.au Ph: +61 (0)421 822 383
Skype: thefishvet
Looking for more books? Check out this site.
  The Fish Vet - Perth, WA

Annual Australia & New Zealand Zebrafish Husbandry Workshop: Wednesday 5 February 2014 | Sydney.

The zebrafish husbandry workshop is coming up on the 5th of February in Sydney. There will be presentations by three Australian Aquatic Veterinarians: Dr Robert Jones, Dr Richmond Loh and Dr Stephen Pyecroft.
Click the following link to view draft programme –  Draft zebrafish husbandry workshop programme.
For anyone arriving early,  don’t forget that the 4th of February will provide you with an opportunity to visit some of the local fish facilities.
Please note that registrations close on 29th of January 2014.  You can register at the following website: http://www.garvan.org.au/symposium/anzzebrafish/husbandry-workshop (use the drop down menu if you wish to register for the husbandry workshop only).
There may be one or two short presentation sessions  still available and I would love to hear from anyone wishing to contribute a presentation to the program so please contact l.nedved@garvan.org.au
Hope to see you there! 🙂
Best fishes,
Dr Lucie Nedved BVSc(Hons) BScAgr(Hons)

Veterinary Manager | Animal Welfare Officer

384 Victoria St | Darlinghurst | NSW | 2010 | Australia
Phone: 61-2-9295 8111 |Mobile: 0410692591

Are there special things you can do to get your fish safely through the heat wave?

Check out the repository of information on my blog:

https://thefishvet.com/?s=Heat+wave+&submit=Search


Yours sincerely,

Dr Richmond Loh
DipProjMgt, BSc, BVMS, MPhil (Pathology) Murdoch, MANZCVS (Aquatics& Pathobiology), CertAqV WAVMA.
The Fish Vet, Perth, Western Australia.
Veterinary Medicine for fish.
W: http://www.thefishvet.com.au
E: thefishvet
P: +61 (0)421 822 383

How do you clean an external canister aquarium filter?

I find that a lot of people over clean their filters. Being too clean can be very dangerous to your fish because it can wipe out the beneficial bacteria that live in your filter.
Check out my latest video on how to clean an external canister filter –
http://youtu.be/dlUcz3FMQV

Follow me on: Facebook "Fin Page"YouTubeBlogLinkedinTwitter


Yours sincerely,

Dr Richmond Loh DipProjMgt, BSc, BVMS, MPhil (Pathology) Murdoch, MANZCVS (Aquatics & Pathobiology), CertAqV.
Aquatic Veterinarian | Adjunct Lecturer Murdoch University | President WAVMA |
Secretary Aquatic Animal Health Chapter – ANZCVS.
The Fish Vet, Perth, Western Australia, AUSTRALIA. Mobile Veterinary Medical & Diagnostic Services for fish and other aquatic creatures.
http://www.thefishvet.com.au
Ph: +61 (0)421 822 383
Skype: thefishvet

Looking for more books? Check out this site.

The Fish Vet - Perth, WA

How does temperature relate to disease?

I attended an interesting talk in Prague about how Zebrafish sought warmer temperatures when challenged with a disease.

For something along these lines, check out this short clip about temperature and viral infections in humans.

See video.

Free Neptune webinar: Megalocytivirus found in ornamental fish imported into Western Australia.

Hi Everyone,

I am pleased to invite you to attend Drs Jo Bannister and Fran Stephens’ presentation on Megalocytivirus  found in ornamental fish imported in to Western Australia.

It’ll be a brief introduction on what has been found, the biosecurity risk it poses to Australia and the aspects of molecular characterisation.

Details for the webinar:

  • Time & Date: Wednesday, January 15, 2014     1:00 PM – 2:00 PM Eastern Time – Brisbane, Australia. (Check in your time zone)
  • Click on the following link to join the meeting:    https://www.anymeeting.com/316-429-454
  • *Please disregard     AnyMeeting’s audio options when you click on the link when entering the meeting select the “phone” icon but don’t use their number, use the one below. Also, please note that the audio will only be available via phone, not by computer speakers.
  • The Australian Toll-Free Number:     Phone Number: 1 800 804 723     Participant passcode: 389  131 7648

First time joining a meeting on AnyMeeting?     Check out our guides for Attendees to see how easy it is!

Have you taken the System Test?     Make sure that your computer is ready to go by clicking here.

If you have any questions, please contact:

Dr Marissa McNamara
Project Manager – Neptune

PO Box 3300 | South Brisbane BC | Queensland 4101 | Australia
t: +61 (0)7 3842 9173 e: marissa.mcnamara@qm.qld.gov.au