Exposure to air is stressful to oysters.

Air exposure and mechanical agitation are commonly used methods for decreasing shell biofouling in the shellfish industry. However, these techniques cause significant stress to the bivalves. Could these anthropomorphic measures have contributed to the major decline of the Australian pearl oyster industry (see tech notes on Oyster Oedema Disease)? Some food for thought.

Aquaculture
Volume 363, Number 8 (September 2012)
	Changes in the transcriptional expression of oxidative stress response genes in Akoya pearl oysters (Pinctada fucata) exposed to air and mechanical agitation
	Authors:	Rhiannon P. Kuchel, Sham Nair, David A. Raftos
	Author Affiliations:	no affiliations available
	Source:	Aquaculture, Volume 363, Number 8 (September 2012)
	Page Numbers:	33 – 38
	Available Full Text:	Full Text: Subscription Required to view full text Format: PDF Size: Unknown Location: Publisher’s Site Authentication: Publisher’s Site
	Abstract:	The Akoya pearl oyster is an economically important species farmed throughout Japan and China, and on a small scale in Australia. Recent proliferation of Akoya viral disease (AVD) has dramatically reduced both wild and farmed populations in Asia. It is thought that AVD is exacerbated by anthropogenic pressures associated with over-crowding and stress caused by fluctuations in the environment, as well as by husbandry and handling. To test the effects of these stressors, the differential expression of genes encoding three antioxidant enzymes (peroxiredoxin, PRx; glutathione-S-transferase, GST; glutathione peroxidase, GPx) and the generic stress biomarker heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) was investigated using quantitative real-time PCR on mRNA extracted from gill tissues of Pinctada fucatathat had been exposed to either mechanical agitation (MA, a combination of air exposure and shaking) or air alone for 1h and 6h. We observed a significant decline (up to 50%; p<0.05) in the expression of both GST and PRx 60min after oysters were exposed to air and MA. GPx transcription declined significantly 60min after exposure to MA. Hierarchical cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling (MDS) demonstrated that, even though no significant differences were identified in the expression of these genes 6h after exposure to stress, there was still a clear differentiation between controls and the two stress treatments. After 6h, the MDS analysis showed that antioxidant enzyme expression was intermediate between the 60min time point and the non-stressed controls. The MDS plot also demonstrated that there was no clear distinction between exposure to air and MA, suggesting that air exposure (which was a component of both treatments) is the main causative agent of transcriptional stress responses. HSP-70 expression also declined when oysters were exposed to both stressors, but these decreases were not statistically significant. Overall, the data suggest that the antioxidant systems of oysters are affected by exposure to air. This contributes to a growing understanding of short-term stress responses in bivalve molluscs and their potential effects on cellular homeostasis.
	Citation:	Rhiannon P. Kuchel, Sham Nair, David A. Raftos . Changes in the transcriptional expression of oxidative stress response genes in Akoya pearl oysters (Pinctada fucata) exposed to air and mechanical agitation. Aquaculture, Volume 363, Number 8 (September 2012), pp. 33-38, <http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=4BA7B78B31C5AA067019&gt;
	URL:	http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=4BA7B78B31C5AA067019